In a matter of days, the cumulative effect of US Federal Reserve (Fed) policy tightening has hit the US banking sector hard, beginning with the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) on March 10.

Panicked depositors in several banks have since rushed to the exits, setting off a liquidity crisis and leaving some banks’ capital positions in precarious shape. The Fed and the US Treasury have taken swift steps to help stabilize the banking system by providing liquidity and assuring impacted depositors that they will be made whole. This past weekend, they unveiled several new facilities designed to ease the liquidity crunch and to prevent further bank runs.

However, growing investor concerns are sweeping financial markets. While safe-haven assets have benefited, Fed rate-hike expectations have been all but extinguished, government bond yields are lower and credit spreads¹ wider, and the US dollar (USD) has strengthened. Meanwhile, global equities are down, and small-cap stocks are the biggest laggards so far.

The situation is evolving rapidly, as are the potential economic and market implications. Here are some key points from Wellington’s latest discussions, highlighted by a common theme that there’s now a greater probability of a US recession in the near term. Many of us also think investors should consider pivoting to a risk-management mode that favors higher-quality assets.

• A liquidity crunch is what got us here: The fragile liquidity conditions that started as a bank run on SVB have spread to other regional US banks, especially those most dependent on customer deposits. The dynamic basically involves a mismatch between a bank’s assets and its liabilities: Depositors demand their money back (short-term liabilities), forcing the bank to sell securities from its investment portfolio (long-term assets) at large losses (due to the 300 basis-point² (bps) spike in interest rates over the past two years).

• Liquidity issues can turn into capital issues: Large unrealized losses in some banks’ securities portfolios could be a more widespread problem. These losses have fed into the banks’ concerns around having sufficient capital to continue operating normally. Therefore, I expect robust capital-raising efforts to be undertaken as a next step toward fortifying the US banking industry. Considering the size of banks’ portfolios and the likely losses caused by rising rates, I estimate that a manageable $50-$100 billion of capital will be needed.

• Many banks’ net-interest margins and profitability may be pinched: Banks’ cost of doing business will rise in the period ahead, due to increasingly tighter financial conditions and as a direct result of the banks having to raise their customers’ deposit rates. Therefore, I suspect that many banks’ net-interest margins will inevitably narrow, as will their profitability in all likelihood. This could be a particularly troublesome issue for the continued viability of smaller, more vulnerable banks that generally have only regional access to customer deposits.

• There may be spillover to broader credit conditions: Since the banking system is at the heart of credit transmission, the challenges facing many banks are likely to have spillover effects, including creating even tighter lending conditions (which had already tightened meaningfully with the Fed’s rate-hiking campaign). A tighter lending environment, in turn, could impact the volume of lending that actually takes place. This is a cyclical risk that could impair the US economy and further increases the odds of a recession.

• The Fed is likely to respond as needed: Tighter credit conditions tend to be disinflationary, leaving the Fed room to ease up on the size and pace of its rate hikes. I’m reasonably confident that the Fed will prioritize stimulating growth over fighting inflation if the current banking crisis risks destabilizing the financial system. Markets are currently pricing in one 25-bps rate hike, followed by nearly 75 bps of policy easing by year end. However, markets may be disappointed if liquidity-generating measures can contain the damage from recent events.

• What about the rest of the world? There are clearly different dynamics at play from one global region to another. For example, China’s economy seems fairly well-insulated from current US woes, with its economy (and other Asian economies) benefiting from its recent reopening. Europe and Japan may also improve relative to the US, especially if the USD loses some of its luster and the Fed becomes less hawkish. These outcomes will depend, importantly, on whether US liquidity worsens further and restrains global growth.

Final Thoughts

The speed and magnitude of the Fed’s about-face from easy to tight monetary policy was bound to expose firms caught on the wrong side of rising rates. That’s precisely what’s happening here, and with the broader financial system now caught up in the turmoil, systemic risks should not be taken lightly. However, the US banking system is generally strong, especially the large, well-capitalized banks, and US regulation is designed to deal with commercial bank failures. I believe the Fed and Treasury will respond decisively to avoid a worst-case outcome.